The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) is undertaking a significant modernization effort, aiming to operate a fleet composed entirely of fifth-generation fighter jets by 2047.
This plan is part of Pakistan's broader defence strategy to ensure air superiority in the region. The PAF's strategy includes three primary fifth-generation fighter programs.
The cornerstone of the PAF's modernization is Project Azm, a domestic fifth-generation fighter jet program led by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) and the National Aerospace Science and Technology Park (NASTP). Initiated in 2017, Project Azm's objective is to create an advanced, stealth-capable fighter jet equipped with next-generation avionics, enhanced sensor integration, and domestically produced weapons systems.
While specific details about the project's progress remain confidential, Pakistan is reportedly working with China and Turkey to acquire necessary technology and expertise.
A key element in Pakistan's transition to a fifth-generation air force is the possible acquisition of the Chinese Shenyang FC-31 (also known as the J-31) fighter jet.
The FC-31, comparable to the American F-35, features stealth technology, sophisticated avionics, and the ability to perform a variety of combat roles. The J-31 first flew in 2012, and has been undergoing continuous development and upgrades.
China and Pakistan have a long history of close defence cooperation, highlighted by their joint development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet. Should Pakistan proceed with acquiring the FC-31, it would provide the PAF with an immediate fifth-generation capability, considerably enhancing its air combat strength.
The ongoing improvements to the J-31 platform by China suggest that any Pakistani version could be customized to meet the PAF's specific operational needs.
Another pathway for the PAF to realize its fifth-generation ambitions is through collaboration with Turkey on its TF-X (KAAN) fighter program, currently under development by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI).
Turkey, having faced challenges in obtaining Western fifth-generation aircraft due to political factors, has focused on developing its own indigenous fighter.
Pakistan's strong defence relationship with Turkey opens the possibility of a partnership on the TF-X, offering the PAF another option. The KAAN had its maiden flight in February 2024.
There have been reports of Pakistan and Turkey exploring collaboration in aerospace technologies, including stealth design and advanced flight control systems.
If Pakistan were to join the TF-X program, it could gain access to advanced fifth-generation fighter technology relatively early, further broadening the diversity of its fighter fleet.
The PAF's vision of an entirely fifth-generation fighter fleet by 2047 signifies a major change in its air combat strategy, with a greater emphasis on stealth capabilities, the merging of sensor data, and network-centric operations. However, realizing this vision will not be without difficulties:
- Financial Challenges: The development and purchase of fifth-generation fighters require significant financial resources, potentially putting a strain on Pakistan's defence spending.
- Technological Challenges: Developing stealth technology, cutting-edge avionics, and domestically produced engines requires substantial research and development, as well as collaboration with other countries.
- Operational Challenges: Shifting from a mixed fleet of aircraft to an all-fifth-generation force will necessitate extensive pilot training, infrastructure improvements, and new logistical support systems.
